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Description
Characterization measurements of $25 \mathrm{\mu m} \times 25 \mathrm{\mu m}$ pitch 3D silicon sensors are presented, for devices with active thickness of $150\mu$m. Evidence of charge multiplication caused by impact ionization below the breakdown voltage is observed. Small-pitch 3D silicon sensors have potential as high precision 4D tracking detectors that are also able to withstand radiation fluences beyond $\mathrm{10^{16} n_{eq}/cm^2}$, for use at future facilities such as the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, the Electron-Ion Collider, and the Future Circular Collider.
Characteristics of these devices are compared to those for similar sensors of pitch $50 \mathrm{\mu m} \times 50 \mathrm{\mu m}$, showing comparable charge collection at low voltage, and acceptable leakage current, depletion voltage, breakdown voltage, and capacitance despite the extremely small cell size. The unirradiated $25 \mathrm{\mu m} \times 25 \mathrm{\mu m}$ sensors exhibit charge multiplication above about 90 V reverse bias, while, as predicted, no multiplication is observed in the $50 \mathrm{\mu m} \times 50 \mathrm{\mu m}$ sensors below their breakdown voltage. The maximum gain observed below breakdown is 1.33.
